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The Polynesian languages are a language family spoken in geographical Polynesia and on a patchwork of "Outliers" from south central Micronesia, to small islands off the northeast of the larger islands of the Southeast Solomon Islands and sprinkled through Vanuatu. They are classified as part of the Austronesian family, belonging to the Oceanic branch of that family. Polynesians share many unique cultural traits that resulted from about 1000 years of common development, including common linguistic development, in the Tonga and Sāmoa area through most of the first millennium BC. There are approximately forty Polynesian languages. The most prominent of these are Tahitian, Sāmoan, Tongan, Māori and Hawaiian. Because the Polynesian islands were settled relatively recently and because internal linguistic diversification only began around 2,000 years ago, their languages retain strong commonalities. There are still many cognate words across the different islands e.g. tapu, ariki, motu, kava (Kava culture), and tapa as well as Hawaiki, the mythical homeland for some of the cultures. All Polynesian languages show strong similarity, particularly in vocabulary. The vowels are often stable in the descendant languages, nearly always a, e, i, o and u. The legendary homeland of the Māori of New Zealand, where w is used instead of v, is called Hawaiki; in the Cook Islands, where h is replaced with the glottal stop, it is ‘Avaiki; in the Hawaiian Islands, where w is used and k is replaced with the glottal stop, the largest island of the group is named Hawai‘i; in Sāmoa, where s has not been replaced by h, v is used instead of w, and k is replaced with the glottal stop, the largest island is called Savai'i. In the Society Islands, k and ng are replaced by the glottal stop, so the name for the ancestral homeland is pronounced Havai‘i. ==Languages == Polynesian languages fall into two branches, Tongic and Nuclear Polynesian. Tongan and Niuean constitute the Tongic branch; all of the rest are part of the Nuclear Polynesian branch. *Tongic: Tongan, Niuafoʻou, Niuean *Nuclear Polynesian linkage * * Futunic: Wallisian or East Uvean (fakaʻuvea) (Wallis Island, Wallis and Futuna), Fakafutuna or (East) Futunan (Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna), Pukapukan, Rennell-Bellona, Tikopia, West Uvean or Faga Uvea (on Ouvéa off New Caledonia), Futuna-Aniwan or West Futunan (on Futuna and Aniwa in Vanuatu), Mele-Fila (in Mele, southern Éfaté island in Vanuatu), Emae (on Emae in Vanuatu), Anuta * *Ellicean * * *Samoic: Sāmoan, Tokelauan * * *Ellicean–Outlier: Tuvaluan, Nukuoro (Nukuoro in the FSM), Kapingamarangi (on Kapingamarangi in the FSM), Nukuria (Nuguria in the east of Papua New Guinea),〔Marck, Jeff (2000), ''Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics〕 Takuu (Takuu Atoll in the east of Papua New Guinea), Nukumanu (Nukumanu in the east of Papua New Guinea), Ontong Java (or Luangiua; Ontong Java in the Solomon Islands), Sikaiana (Sikaiana in the Solomons), Pileni (and Taumako; Reef Islands in the Solomons) * * *Eastern Polynesian * * * * Rapa Nui (Easter Island - Chile) * * * * Central Eastern Polynesian * * * * * Marquesic * * * * * * Marquesan (Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia)–Mangarevan (Gambier Islands in French Polynesia) * * * * * * Hawaiian * * * * * Tahitic * * * * * * Tahitian (Society Islands) * * * * * * Austral (Tubuaian) * * * * * * Rapan (Rapa Iti) * * * * * * Tuamotuan (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) * * * * * * Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori) * * * * * * Rakahanga-Manihiki (Rakahanga and Manihiki, northern Cook Islands) * * * * * * Penrhyn (or Tongarevan; Tongareva in the northern Cook Islands) * * * * * * New Zealand Maori–Moriori (Chatham Islands) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polynesian languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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